Abstract: 

We propose a dynamic substructure of the nucleon in which hundreds of simultaneously present sea-quark and antiquark pairs with a m/r density distribution form a densely packed, internally fluctuating medium. These virtual quark-antiquark pairs carry alternating electric charges and move within a hybrid framework combining the MIT bag model and a quantum-mechanical shell model. Based on this dynamic internal geometry, we introduce a mechanism in which the collective motion and asymmetry of these charged sea-quarks generate not only internal confinement forces, but also an emergent long-range interaction identifiable as gravity. Within this framework, gravitation arises as a quantized residual interaction, inherently linked to the structure and dynamics of early baryons, and is shown to be conceptually unifiable with the other fundamental gauge interactions. This approach opens a pathway toward a structural origin of gravity and charge quantization rooted in the quantum dynamics of primordial matter.
 
Cite this article

M.B. Blau: Quark model of nucleons generating all fundamental forces. Science Advance (2025). https://doi.org/10.59208/sa-2025-06-07-11